![]() ![]() Oblongata! Besides being a fun term to say, the medulla oblongata is known for Made up of two bulbous structures known as the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus, the tectum is primarily associated with the senses of hearing and vision. The pars compacta is primarily meant to synthesize dopamine and transmit to structures in the basal ganglia for the purpose of mediating movement and coordination. This region is made up of a large, highly pigmented gathering of neurons in two distinct parts, the pars reticulata, and the pars compacta. Lastly, the substantia nigra (notice a pattern yet? These regions of the tegmentum are identified by their color: red, gray, and nigra or black). It is capable of doing this due to its high concentration of endorphins. Primary function of the periaqueductal gray region is the suppression of pain. Of gray matter and surrounds one of the ventricles, the cerebral aqueduct. The periaqueductal gray region is comprised There are more neural fibers that surround and terminate or originate from the red nucleus that go to the spinal cord and play a role in the functioning of the motor cortex. The red nucleus is involved in sensorimotor coordination, being informed by the major neural output tract of the cerebellum, the superior cerebellar peduncle. Regions: the red nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and the substantia nigra.Įach of these regions, both individually and collectively are associated with The MidbrainĪlso known as the mesencephalon, the midbrain is specifically associated with the eyes, hearing, motor control, the Circadian rhythm, alertness, and temperature regulation. Around the base of the brainstem, extending up into the cerebrum, are the vertebral arteries that transition into the basilar artery. Many motor functions, all of our senses, our regulatory functions, and so muchĪs previously mentioned, the brainstem is split into three different subdivisions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Human nervous system cannot be overstated. The following activity addresses the nuclei, tracts, and functions of the brainstem.Ĭopyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.Its functions extend far past the head, however, in that it is a critical control point for many autonomous actions of the body, including the heartbeat, respiration, regulation of blood pressure, and reflexes.Īdditionally, all efferent (impulses directed away from the brain) and afferent (impulses directed toward the brain) communications pass through the brainstem to reach the cerebrum and cerebellum. ![]() Clinicians can localize lesions of the brainstem with a thorough knowledge of brainstem anatomy and functions. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves arise from their cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. These tracts travel both to the brain (afferent) and from the brain (efferent), such as the somatosensory pathways and the corticospinal tracts, respectively. Some of the white matter tract cell bodies are located within the brainstem as well. The white matter tracts of the brainstem include axons of nerves traversing their course to different structures the axons originate from cell bodies located elsewhere within the central nervous system (CNS). The grey matter within the brainstem consists of nerve cell bodies and forms many important brainstem nuclei. The brainstem contains many critical collections of white and grey matter. It is responsible for many vital functions of life, such as breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep. It is composed of three sections in descending order: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. ![]()
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